Materials & Prep
- Project or distribute the short argument below and a one-page Evidence Verdict chart with columns: Claim/Reason; Evidence quoted or paraphrased; Relevant? Why?; Sufficient? What is missing?
- Prepare three response cards or a projected silent-response scale: Strong, Mixed, Weak.
Opening
5 minProject this question: “If ten students loudly say the cafeteria should add a smoothie bar, does that make their argument strong?” Students silently hold up Strong, Mixed, or Weak, then write one reason without discussing.
Display the text
“Our school should add a smoothie bar at lunch. First, smoothies are healthier than many current snacks. A 2023 health website says fruits contain vitamins. Second, students want one: 18 students signed a petition last week. Finally, smoothies would help athletes perform better because athletes need good nutrition. Therefore, the school should replace one snack counter with a smoothie bar.”
Ask students to recall from memory: What is the difference between a claim and evidence? Take two quick responses, then name the purpose for today: the class will judge the support, not argue for or against smoothies. Return to the opening vote after the analysis.
Direct instruction
10 minRead the argument aloud once. Model delineating it: “The main claim is that the school should add a smoothie bar, specifically by replacing a snack counter. The reasons are health, student demand, and athlete performance. Now I must separate a reason from proof of that reason.”
Think aloud through the first evidence: “The health website says fruits contain vitamins. This is relevant because it connects to the health reason. But it is not automatically sufficient. The claim compares smoothies with current snacks, yet this evidence tells me only that fruit has vitamins. It does not show the nutrition of the proposed smoothies, their sugar content, or what snacks would be replaced.” Mark Relevant: yes; Sufficient: no.
State the common trap: “Relevant does not mean sufficient. A single brick may belong in a wall, but it cannot build the whole wall.” Also note that 18 signatures may show some interest, but not necessarily enough demand to justify changing a counter; quantity alone does not make evidence sufficient.
Check for understandingProject: “Athletes need good nutrition” is best classified as A) claim, B) reason, or C) evidence. Students respond silently. Confirm B: it gives a reason, but the writer has not supplied evidence showing that smoothies improve athletes’ performance. Ask: “What evidence would make this reason stronger?”
Guided practice
12 minPairs annotate the remaining two pieces of support on the Evidence Verdict chart. Use a quiet protocol: Partner A writes first; Partner B adds or challenges the judgment by writing “I agree because…” or “I question this because….” No verbal debate for the first four minutes. Then pairs may talk at conversation level and must point to exact words in the text.
Provide the sentence frame: “This evidence is relevant/not relevant to the reason because . It is sufficient/not sufficient because . The writer would need .”
Circulate and press for precision: “Does this evidence support the exact claim, or only a related idea?” For students needing an entry point, give the first row prefilled: Claim: add smoothie bar; Reason: healthier snacks; Evidence: fruit has vitamins. Students complete the judgment. For students ready to extend, ask them to rank the three supports from strongest to weakest and explain whether any combination is sufficient for replacing a snack counter.
Independent evidence verdict
13 minStudents write a concise evaluation paragraph (6–8 sentences): identify the author’s claim; name at least two reasons; evaluate two specific pieces of evidence for relevance and sufficiency; and recommend one concrete piece of evidence the author should add. Require quoted words or precise paraphrase from the text.
Post this structure: “The author argues . One reason is , supported by . This evidence is relevant/not relevant because , but it is sufficient/not sufficient because . Another reason/evidence pair is . Overall, the argument is strong/mixed/weak because . To strengthen it, the author should include .”
Closing
5 minStudents complete an individual exit ticket before leaving: “Return to your opening rating. Is the smoothie-bar argument Strong, Mixed, or Weak? Cite one piece of evidence and explain, in two to three sentences, whether it is relevant and sufficient.” Collect as the objective measure. Sort responses for next lesson: students who confuse reasons with evidence begin with a short matching model; students who accurately judge sufficiency revise the argument using stronger evidence.